yes I'd say scale. We have a large holly out back which suffers badly from sooty mould brought on by scale. The problem here is 3-fold:
1. Scale feeds on the sap of the plant.
2. Sooty mould grows on the excreta of the scale.
3. Ants feed on the mould and the excreta of the scale, and in return protect the scale from predators.
Look here for solution:
Sooty Mould Management